survival skills.

 

survival skills. Yet, hardened adventurers as they were, they were also threatened and oppressed by stronger predators coming from inland fortresses or from deep-water fleets. Arab and Lubbai (Tamil) Muslims constantly threatened, raided, pillaged or enslaved them.

What brought matters to a head was the long and savage maritime war with the Zamorin of Calicut (1527-39). Fearing extermination, Paravas approached a converted Chettiar merchant (John da Cruz) to ask for protection from the Portuguese. Fifteen Paravas accompanied him to Cochin to plead their case, sealing their appeal by becoming baptized. When a formal delegation of seventy followed, led by Vikrama Aditha Pandya, their jāti thalavan (caste headman), the Portuguese recognized their strategic importance and the prospect of also gaining complete control of lucrative pearl revenues. A year later, when Peter Gonsalves (Vicar of Cochin) and three kattanars sailed to the Gulf of Mannar on behalf of the Padroado, the entire community of some 20,000 pearl-fishers was baptized, the men en masse and their womenfolk and children shortly thereafter. By the end of 1537, the entire community of Paravas had declared themselves Christian. At this, maritime Muslims along the Coast took alarm and, with naval support from the Zamorin, launched a major attack. A tiny Portuguese force of three ships fortuitously arrived just in time to join the fight. After a long and furious battle at Vedalai, on 27 June 1538, ending in defeat for the Hindu and Muslim forces, notice was served that the Paravas and the pearl trade would be protected. Henceforth they enjoyed a time of unprecedented prosperity and affluence, especially among their leading families.

At that point, however, the Paravas were Christian only in name. Their forms of worship were still thoroughly Hindu. They knew next to nothing about their new faith or what it entailed. When Francis Xavier landed on the 'Fisher Coast' a decade after their tactical conversion, his orders were to consolidate their attachment and to teach them doctrine. He knew as little about Hindu and Muslim culture as Paravas knew about things Christian. He wrote "The invocations of the pagans are hateful to God, since all their gods are devils'. As he and three Tamil-speaking assistants walked from village to village, building prayer-houses and baptizing unbaptized children, crowds of quick and bright-eyed boys who clam- oured about him day and night were drilled in imperfectly translated essentials of the faith the Paternoster, the Ave, the Creed and the Commandments. As Xavier had no knowledge of Tamil and no lexicons or grammars, parts of the simply worded catechism were bizarre. The Paravas, like all Indians, literate and illiterate alike, possessed an amazing capacity for learning by rhythmic rote recitation. Words ceaselessly inculcated, details imparted on verandahs at the end of each day, conveyed bare rudiments of worship, pointing out the evils of idolatry, blood

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